A respeito de improbidade administrativa e responsabilização das pessoas jurídicas pela prática de atos contra a administração pública, julgue os itens a seguir, com base nas Leis n.º 8.429/1992 e n.º 12.846/2013.
Para fins de responsabilização de pessoa jurídica na esfera administrativa, a Lei Anticorrupção considera excludentes a aplicação de sanções e a obrigação de reparação integral do dano causado.
À luz do disposto na Lei n.º 9.985/2000, na Lei n.º 6.938/1981 e no Decreto n.º 4.340/2002, julgue os itens subsequentes.
A área de relevante interesse ecológico (ARIE) disporá de um conselho presidido pelo órgão responsável por sua administração e constituído por representantes dos órgãos públicos, de organizações da sociedade civil e da população residente.
Com base nas orientações do Manual de Redação da Presidência da República, julgue os próximos itens.
O tipo de fecho empregado em comunicações oficiais varia conforme a hierarquia entre os interlocutores, admitindo-se o uso da expressão Gentilmente para arrematar o texto caso o destinatário ocupe cargo igual ao do remetente.
A respeito da responsabilidade civil do Estado e da improbidade administrativa, julgue os itens a seguir.
No Brasil, a responsabilidade civil do Estado por ato comissivo é objetiva, fundada na teoria do risco administrativo, isto é, é necessário, em regra, comprovar a existência de conduta estatal, a ocorrência de dano e o nexo de causalidade entre a conduta e o dano provocado.
In the 1980s, plant genetic resources were considered under international law to be a common heritage of mankind, and were therefore classified as goods that cannot be owned. However, this status was strongly rejected by many emerging countries because it gave pharmaceutical and seed companies (mostly from rich countries) free access to their genetic resources without being required in any way to redistribute a share of their profits.
These countries scored a victory with the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and the TRIPS agreement in 1995. Genetic resources now come under the control of sovereign countries, and some property rights can be recognized to the indigenous communities on the resources that they have been conserving from generation to generation. States are now required to organize these “collective intellectual property rights” in such a way that any local resource conserved in this manner will generate dividends for these populations when used by multinational firms.
The now well-known concept of Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) emerged in the second half of the 1990s. Their aim was to organize a biological diversity marketplace capable of enhancing the value of the genetic resources of countries of the South, which cannot refuse access to these resources. In addition, these countries can now claim a share of the profits that may result from their use.
In short, the change in the status of genetic resources from common heritage of mankind to a good that can be owned under national sovereignty took place in the early 1990s at the request of countries of the South and to their benefit, and the ABS mechanism is a fine example of intellectual property rights set up in the interest of the people of these countries.
In a general sense, this analysis is fairly accurate and could constitute an argument to be used against those who are of the opinion that the spread of intellectual property rights is an obstacle to the development of the South. However, the issue today is whether the South gained anything by playing this card. In answering this question, it is important to more clearly emphasize the deep connection—often overlooked—between the conservation of genetic resources and their practical use.
Internet: <https://shs.cairn.info/journal> (adapted).
Based on the preceding text, judge the following items.
According to the text, the ABS system was created to prevent multinational companies from using the genetic resources of countries of the South.
