Em razão do crescimento dos níveis de criminalidade no âmbito do estado Alfa, foi editada a Lei Estadual nº X, que criou uma taxa cujo fato gerador consistia na mobilização de um efetivo dos órgãos de segurança pública, direcionando-os a uma região específica, por ocasião da realização de eventos que atraíssem um elevado quantitativo de pessoas, conforme os padrões indicados no referido diploma normativo.
À luz da sistemática constitucional, é correto afirmar que:
I remember being caught speaking Spanish at recess
[...] I remember being sent to the corner of the classroom
for “talking back” to the Anglo teacher when all I was trying
to do was tell her how to pronounce my name. “If you
want to be American, speak ‘American’. If you don’t like it,
go back to Mexico where you belong”.
“I want you to speak English […]”, my mother would
say, mortified that I spoke English like a Mexican. At Pan
American University, I and all Chicano students were
required to take two speech classes. Their purpose: to get
rid of our accents.
ANZALDÚA, G. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza.
San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987.
O problema abordado nesse texto sobre imigrantes residentes nos Estados Unidos diz respeito aos prejuízos gerados pelo(a)
Text I
Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles
have been around since Victorian times.
The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you
imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until
recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous
dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when
domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine
some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and
affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then
wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is
entirely different.
By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric;
we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it
started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson
had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though
his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable
batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage
something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual
pony).
It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave
new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who
had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle)
saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious
hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary
consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for
their jobs.
Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered
widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th
century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed
Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he
was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an
electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and
Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright,
clean and silent.
By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against
electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times
while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically –
to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which
vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been
delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late
1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical
vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until
the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite
there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might
have been familiar to Anderson and friends.
Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all
The last sentence indicates that some hurdles remain to be:
Text I
Shock of the old: Believe it or not, battery-powered vehicles
have been around since Victorian times.
The history of the electric car is surprisingly enraging. If you
imagine early electric vehicles at all (full disclosure: I didn’t until
recently), it will probably be as the quixotic and possibly dangerous
dream of a few eccentrics, maybe in the 1920s or 1930s, when
domestic electrification became widespread. It’s easy to imagine
some stiff-collared proto-Musk getting bored of hunting and
affairs, eyeing his newly installed electric lights speculatively, then
wreaking untold havoc and mass electrocutions. The reality is
entirely different.
By 1900, a third of all cars on the road in the US were electric;
we’re looking at the history of a cruelly missed opportunity, and it
started astonishingly early. The Scottish engineer Robert Anderson
had a go at an electric car of sorts way back in the 1830s, though
his invention was somewhat stymied by the fact rechargeable
batteries were not invented until 1859, making his crude carriage
something of a one-trick pony (and far less useful than an actual
pony).
It’s debatable whether or not Scotland was ready for this brave
new world anyway: in 1842, Robert Davidson (another Scot, who
had, a few years earlier, also tried his hand at an electric vehicle)
saw his electric locomotive Galvani “broken by some malicious
hands almost beyond repair” in Perth. The contemporary
consensus was that it was attacked by railway workers fearful for
their jobs.
Despite this unpromising start, electric vehicles had entered
widespread commercial circulation by the start of the 20th
century, particularly in the US. Electric cabs crisscrossed
Manhattan, 1897’s bestselling US car was electric and, when he
was shot in 1901, President McKinley was taken to hospital in an
electric ambulance. London had Walter Bersey’s electric taxis, and
Berlin’s fire engines went electric in 1908; the future looked bright,
clean and silent.
By the 1930s, however, the tide had definitively turned against
electric, cursed by range limitations and impractical charging times
while petrol gained the upper hand thanks partly – and ironically –
to the electric starter motor. The Horseless Age magazine, which
vehemently backed the petrol non-horse, would have been
delighted. There was a brief resurgence of interest in the late
1960s, when the US Congress passed a bill promoting electrical
vehicle development, but nothing much actually happened until
the Nissan Leaf sparked interest in 2009. Electric still isn’t quite
there yet, battling infrastructure and battery problems that might
have been familiar to Anderson and friends.
Adapted from The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2023, p. 6
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/shock-of-the-old/2023/oct/24/all
In “which vehemently backed” (5th paragraph) the verb is similar
in meaning to:
Antes do advento da Lei nº 14.230/2021, Diogo e Bárbara, enquanto agentes públicos, praticaram condutas que estavam
elencadas no rol dos atos de improbidade administrativa. No prazo legal, o Ministério Público ajuizou em desfavor de Diogo a respectiva ação de improbidade por ato que atenta contra os princípios da Administração Pública, vindo ele a ser condenado
com base em inciso que foi revogado pelo novel diploma, sendo
certo que o trânsito em julgado ocorreu antes da alteração
legislativa, que foi promovida no momento da execução da pena.
Com relação a Bárbara, também no prazo legal, foi ajuizada a
ação de improbidade, buscando a responsabilização por ato de
improbidade que importou em lesão ao erário, na modalidade
culposa, sendo certo que, quando da modificação legal, o
processo ainda não havia sido sentenciado.
Considerando as situações hipotéticas descritas e a orientação do Supremo Tribunal Federal acerca do tema, é correto afirmar que:
