Questões de Concurso – Aprova Concursos

Texto CB1A6-I

La arquitectura industrial

 La arquitectura industrial o también llamada arquitectura del hierro, tiene su auge en el siglo XIX tras la Revolución Industrial. El origen de este estilo arquitectónico viene precedido por la incorporación de materiales como el hierro, el acero laminado, el hormigón armado y el vidrio.

 Surgió la necesidad de espacios grandes y luminosos, capaces de albergar maquinaria y personal suficiente para desarrollar la actividad de las fábricas. De igual forma, existía la necesidad de potenciar el ferrocarril y dar paso a la ingeniería civil e industrial con el desarrollo de estaciones de ferrocarriles, puentes, grandes mercados, hospitales, etc.

 El estilo de la arquitectura industrial se caracteriza por ser funcional y minimalista. La estética de la arquitectura industrial se enfoca en la eficiencia y en la optimización de los procesos de producción, por lo que no suele incluir elementos decorativos innecesarios.

Internet: (con adaptaciones). 

Llevando en consideración el texto CB1A6-I, juzgue los siguientes ítems.

Texto CB1A6-III

Puente Transbordador de Vizcaya

     Nombrado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO, cuenta con una estructura de 4 pies de hierro que soportan una longitud de 146 m y una altura de 61 m y está sujeta por 8 cables de acero. Este puente, que es el responsable por unir las dos bandas de la ría de Bilbao, fue hecho para el turismo hacia los balnearios burgueses de la época, ahorrando un camino en carretera de 20 km.

     Para el transporte de vehículos y pasajeros, dispone de una barquilla capaz de albergar 6 vehículos y hasta 200 personas en un trayecto de minuto y medio.

     Desde luego, una obra maestra de la ingeniería de la época que está más basada en la necesidad social del momento y en la funcionalidad que en la añadidura de elementos superfluos.

Internet: <inesem.es> (con adaptaciones).

A partir de las informaciones contenidas en el texto CB1A6-III, juzgue los siguientes ítems

“Y si llueve, que llueva” es un refrán gallego. Para mí cobró sentido una noche de febrero, cuando vivía en el barrio de la Macarena de Sevilla con dos buenos amigos, gallegos también. Mi compañero y yo nos decidimos a salir ese sábado de noche, pese a que había estado lloviendo algunas horas a lo largo del día. La idea era una locura, al parecer. Le propusimos salir “de parranda” con nosotros a una
amiga andaluza, ésta respondió que no, nos dijo que no iba a salir un día de lluvia. Flipamos. Comentamos entre nosotros que si los gallegos no saliésemos de casa cuando llueve, en invierno saldríamos poco. Habríamos inventado el confinamiento hace mucho."

Los gallegos no dejamos de salir por la lluvia.
Disponível em: https://politicahora.es. Acesso em: 26 out. 2021.

“Com maestria, o escritor mineiro recupera vocábulos antigos, combina palavras de maneira inusitada ou mesmo cria novos termos, um de seus maiores dons.”

ROSA, João Guimarães. Campo geral. 2 ed. São Paulo: Global Editora, 2022

Read text I and then answer the questions.

TEXT I

“All crimes are not created equal in the harm they cause: homicide is many times more harmful than shoplifting but in crime statistics where offences are counted by number, they appear equivalent. For example, in the UK for the year ending September 2019, there were 3,578,000 incidents of theft and 729 homicides (Office for National Statistics, 2019). An increase of 500 thefts would be a small change in the overall number of thefts and have little impact on police resources. 500 extra homicides would have large consequences both for the 
harm caused and the impact on police resources. In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate. 
This reality has led to the proposition of a “Harm Index” to measure how harmful different crimes are in proportion to the others. This approach adds a larger weight to more harmful crimes (e.g. homicide, rape and grievous bodily harm with intent), distinguishing them from less harmful types of crime (e.g. minor thefts, criminal damage and common assault). Practically, adoption of a harm index can allow targeting of the highest-harm places, the most harmful offenders, the most harmed victims, and can assist in identifying victim-offenders. Experimentally, use of a harm index can add an additional dimension to the usual measures of success or failure, by considering harm prevented as well as reductions in prevalence or frequency. For the police, creation of harm index could allow them to invest scarce resources in proportion to the harm of each offence type.
Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) propose that any index needs to meet three requirements in order to be considered a legitimate measure of harm: An index must meet a democratic standard, be reliable and also be adopted at minimal cost to the end user. To meet these requirements, Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) opted for using sentence starting points rather than maximum or average actual sentences. The sentencing starting point is used to calculate crime harm as it provides a baseline penalty relative to the crime. 
We propose that it is a better measure of harm caused by the crime than average actual sentences, which are offender-focused and thus substantially affected by previous offending history.

The Cambridge Crime Harm Consensus proposes creation of seven statistics for counting crime, usefully including separation of historic crime reports, creation of a harm detection fraction and separation of public reported crime and those detected by proactive police activity, with the aim of providing the public with a more reliable and realistic assessment of trends, patterns and differences in public safety.
Counting crime by harm is an idea that has spread beyond the United Kingdom with indices published for Denmark (Andersen and Mueller-Johnson, 2018), Sweden (Karrholm et al. 2020), Western Australia (House and Neyroud, 2018), California (Mitchell, 2017), New Zealand and other countries.”

Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing. Available at: https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/the-chi Accessed on: June 30, 2024

Read text I and then answer the questions.

TEXT I

“All crimes are not created equal in the harm they cause: homicide is many times more harmful than shoplifting but in crime statistics where offences are counted by number, they appear equivalent. For example, in the UK for the year ending September 2019, there were 3,578,000 incidents of theft and 729 homicides (Office for National Statistics, 2019). An increase of 500 thefts would be a small change in the overall number of thefts and have little impact on police resources. 500 extra homicides would have large consequences both for the 
harm caused and the impact on police resources. In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate. 
This reality has led to the proposition of a “Harm Index” to measure how harmful different crimes are in proportion to the others. This approach adds a larger weight to more harmful crimes (e.g. homicide, rape and grievous bodily harm with intent), distinguishing them from less harmful types of crime (e.g. minor thefts, criminal damage and common assault). Practically, adoption of a harm index can allow targeting of the highest-harm places, the most harmful offenders, the most harmed victims, and can assist in identifying victim-offenders. Experimentally, use of a harm index can add an additional dimension to the usual measures of success or failure, by considering harm prevented as well as reductions in prevalence or frequency. For the police, creation of harm index could allow them to invest scarce resources in proportion to the harm of each offence type.
Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) propose that any index needs to meet three requirements in order to be considered a legitimate measure of harm: An index must meet a democratic standard, be reliable and also be adopted at minimal cost to the end user. To meet these requirements, Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) opted for using sentence starting points rather than maximum or average actual sentences. The sentencing starting point is used to calculate crime harm as it provides a baseline penalty relative to the crime. 
We propose that it is a better measure of harm caused by the crime than average actual sentences, which are offender-focused and thus substantially affected by previous offending history.

The Cambridge Crime Harm Consensus proposes creation of seven statistics for counting crime, usefully including separation of historic crime reports, creation of a harm detection fraction and separation of public reported crime and those detected by proactive police activity, with the aim of providing the public with a more reliable and realistic assessment of trends, patterns and differences in public safety.
Counting crime by harm is an idea that has spread beyond the United Kingdom with indices published for Denmark (Andersen and Mueller-Johnson, 2018), Sweden (Karrholm et al. 2020), Western Australia (House and Neyroud, 2018), California (Mitchell, 2017), New Zealand and other countries.”

Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing. Available at: https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/the-chi Accessed on: June 30, 2024.

Texto CB1A6-II

Mercado de San Miguel de Madrid

      Una de las grandes expresiones del estilo industrial modernista en España es el Mercado de San Miguel de Madrid, de 1916. Su emplazamiento fue el mismo en el que existió la Iglesia Parroquial de San Miguel de los Octoes que fue demolida a causa de un incendio allá por el año 1790. Posteriormente, quedó una plaza donde mercadeaban productos perecederos bajo tenderetes al aire libre y decidió techarse con este majestuoso mercado de hierro con el fin de higienizar el sitio y la venta de los productos.

Internet: <inesem.es> (con adaptaciones). 

De acuerdo con las informaciones contenidas en el texto CB1A6-II, juzgue los siguientes ítems.

El vírus de la cancelación ¿De qué se trata este fenómeno? Se entiende por cultura de la cancelación a una práctica popular que consiste
en “quitarle apoyo” especialmente a figuras públicas y compañías multinacionales después de que hayan hecho o dicho algo considerado objetable u ofensivo. Cuando alguien o algo está cancelado se descarta, se deja de ver, se deja de escuchar, se desclasifica, se aísla, se abandona, se niega, se deja de consumir hasta que eventualmente puede o no desaparecer. Es una estrategia muy extendida en la historia de las luchas anticoloniales, antiespecistas, sexodisidentes, feministas y, especialmente en nuestro país, también llevadas adelante por el movimiento de derechos humanos. Entonces, ¿dónde radica el problema? Se puede observar positivamente que hay un proceso cada vez más agudo de socialización de herramientas críticas para desmantelar formas de desigualdad incrustadas en los lazos sociales. Pero la popularización irrestricta y el uso amplificado de esta herramienta por fuera de sus contextos colectivos de emergencia han despertado efectos adversos en una sociedad atravesada por las pantallas como formas de encierro-consumo, la representación online como única esfera pública y un imperativo felicista cuya moral nos obliga a trabajar ansiosamente por una vida sin desacuerdos, sin
errores y sin dolor, a como dé lugar.

Disponível em: www.revistaanfibia.com.
Acesso em: 7 out. 2021 (adaptado).

Text 1A2-I

 Languages are more to us than systems of thought

transference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves
about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic
expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we
call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not
like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort.
The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in
particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there
must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.
 In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The
formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is
as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between
the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the
material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively
surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its
brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material
“disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s
conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time
being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish
moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien
atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the
law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a
medium to obey.
 Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze
or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has
its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and
possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those
of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance
of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The
literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered
or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a
question of translating his work into another language, the nature
of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have
been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal
“genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over
without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in
saying that a work of literary art can never be translated.
Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with
astonishing adequacy.

Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted).

Text 1A2-II

 I have often thought how interesting a magazine paper
might be written by any author who would—that is to say, who
could—detail, step by step, the processes by which any one of
his compositions attained its ultimate point of completion. Why
such a paper has never been given to the world, I am much at a
loss to say—but, perhaps, the authorial vanity has had more to do
with the omission than any one other cause. Most writers—poets
in especial—prefer having it understood that they compose by a
species of fine frenzy—an ecstatic intuition—and would
positively shudder at letting the public take a peep behind the
scenes, at the elaborate and vacillating crudities of thought—at
the true purposes seized only at the last moment—at the
innumerable glimpses of idea that arrived not at the maturity of
full view—at the fully-matured fancies discarded in despair as
unmanageable—at the cautious selections and rejections—at the
painful erasures and interpolations—in a word, at the wheels and
pinions—the tackle for scene-shifting—the step-ladders, and
demon-traps—the cock’s feathers, the red paint and the black
patches, which, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, constitute
the properties of the literary histrio.
 I am aware, on the other hand, that the case is by no
means common, in which an author is at all in condition to
retrace the steps by which his conclusions have been attained. In
general, suggestions, having arisen pell-mell are pursued and
forgotten in a similar manner.
 For my own part, I have neither sympathy with the
repugnance alluded to, nor, at any time, the least difficulty in
recalling to mind the progressive steps of any of my
compositions, and, since the interest of an analysis or
reconstruction, such as I have considered a desideratum, is quite
independent of any real or fancied interest in the thing analysed,
it will not be regarded as a breach of decorum on my part to
show the modus operandi by which some one of my own works
was put together. I select The Raven as most generally known. It
is my design to render it manifest that no one point in its
composition is referable either to accident or intuition—that the
work proceeded step by step, to its completion, with the precision
and rigid consequence of a mathematical problem.

Edgar Allan Poe. The Philosophy of Composition, 1846 (adapted)

Text 1A2-III

 In January 1948, before three pistol shots put an end to his
life, Gandhi had been on the political stage for more than fifty
years. He had inspired two generations of Indian patriots, shaken
an empire and sparked off a revolution which was to change the
face of Africa and Asia. To millions of his own people, he was
the Mahatma — the great soul — whose sacred glimpse was a
reward in itself.
 By the end of 1947 he had lived down much of the
suspicion, ridicule and opposition which he had to face, when he
first raised the banner of revolt against racial exclusiveness and
imperial domination. His ideas, once dismissed as quaint and
utopian, had begun to strike answering chords in some of the
finest minds in the world. “Generations to come, it may be,”
Einstein had said of Gandhi in July 1944, “will scarcely believe
that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon
earth.”
 Though his life had been a continual unfolding of an
endless drama, Gandhi himself seemed the least dramatic of men.
It would be difficult to imagine a man with fewer trappings of
political eminence or with less of the popular image of a heroic
figure. With his loin cloth, steel-rimmed glasses, rough sandals, a
toothless smile and a voice which rarely rose above a whisper, he
had a disarming humility. He was, if one were to use the famous
words of the Buddha, a man who had “by rousing himself, by
earnestness, by restraint and control, made for himself an island
which no flood could overwhelm.”
 Gandhi’s deepest strivings were spiritual, but he did
not — as had been the custom in his country — retire to a cave in
the Himalayas to seek his salvation. He carried his cave within
him. He did not know, he said, any religion apart from human
activity; the spiritual law did not work in a vacuum, but
expressed itself through the ordinary activities of life.
 This aspiration to relate the spirit of religion to the
problems of everyday life runs like a thread through Gandhi’s
career: his uneventful childhood, the slow unfolding and the
near-failure of his youth, the reluctant plunge into the politics of
Natal, the long unequal struggle in South Africa, and the
vicissitudes of the Indian struggle for freedom, which under his
leadership was to culminate in a triumph not untinged with
tragedy.

B. R. Nanda. Gandhi: a pictorial biography, 1972 (adapted)

A PETROBRAS demonstra compromisso com a
sustentabilidade por meio do desenvolvimento de estratégias para
acelerar a descarbonização e atuar sempre de forma ética e
transparente, com operações seguras, respeito às pessoas e ao
meio ambiente e com foco na geração de valor. Seis dos dez
compromissos de sustentabilidade estabelecidos pela empresa
estão associados a carbono. Os outros quatro compromissos
referem-se a segurança hídrica, conservação da biodiversidade,
gestão de resíduos e responsabilidade social, e esse último inclui
investimentos em projetos socioambientais, programas em
direitos humanos, relacionamento comunitário e contribuição
para a solução de problemas sociais e ambientais, envolvendo
oportunidades de atuação junto aos públicos de interesse e
clientes de produtos da PETROBRAS.
 No que diz respeito aos desafios da transição energética, a
PETROBRAS contribui para a mitigação da mudança climática
por meio do investimento de recursos e tecnologias na produção
de petróleo de baixo carbono no Brasil, gerando energia, divisas
e riquezas relevantes para o financiamento de uma transição
energética responsável, bem como para a capacidade de ofertar
gás e energia despachável para viabilizar a elevada participação
de energias renováveis na matriz elétrica brasileira. Além disso,
investe em novas possibilidades de produtos e negócios de menor
intensidade de carbono, promove pesquisa e desenvolvimento de
novas tecnologias e soluções de baixo carbono e investe em
projetos socioambientais para a recuperação e conservação de
florestas.

                                                                                                          Internet: <https://petrobras.com.br> (com adaptações)

Valencia se prepara para el que puede ser el día más caluroso del verano con cifras de récord

 La ciudad de València se prepara para unas temperaturas de récord que amenazan con convertir este jueves en el día más calurosos en la Comunitat Valenciana desde al menos 1950, superando al 15 de agosto de 2021 y al 7 de julio de 1994. Las máximas del jueves podrían llegar a los 47 grados en Xàtiva (Valencia), 43 en Montanejos (Castellón), 42 en Segorbe (Castellón), según la predicción de Aemet, que indica que en las capitales alcanzarán los 36 grados en València, 35 en Alicante y 34 en Castelló.
 Ante estas sofocantes previsiones, el Ayuntamiento de València ha decidido habilitar el Centro de Emergencias Sociales (CAES) de la calle de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, que gestiona Cruz Roja, para atender a las personas sin hogar, de forma que estas puedan refugirse de las altas temperaturas.
 La alcaldesa de València en funciones y concejala de Patrimonio, Recursos Humanos y Técnicos, Julia Climent, ha explicado que esta medida se toma ante el aviso especial del Centro de Emergencias de la Generalitat por la probabilidad que este jueves se establezcan avisos nivel rojo por riesgo de temperaturas máximas en el interior y litoral sur de València.
 Climent ha defendido el trabajo que el nuevo equipo de gobierno ha realizado “desde que llegó al Consistorio respecto a la primera ola de calor cuando se actuó rápidamente sobre las fuentes de agua potable para que todo el vecindario tuviera puntos de hidratación a los cuales acudir”.
 En este sentido, Climent ha recordado que en el término municipal hay en la actualidad “un total de 843 fuentes bebedero situadas en las calles de València repartidas por todos los distritos municipales, además de las 25 fuentes de agua refigerada y la previsión de instalación de 21 nuevas más a partir de septiembre”.
 Por otro lado, la alcaldesa en funciones ha recordado que “gracias a la revisión de la climatización de todas las instalaciones municipales que se hizo en el mes de junio, como los mercados, la población puede tener más recursos donde poder refrescarse y aliviar un poco la sensación de calor y refugiarse de las altas temperaturas”.

Internet: La vanguardia