Q441395 - CESGRANRIO - 2011 - SEEC-RN - Professor - Inglês

In Text I, what anchors the use of the present perfect in “good materials have led professional developments.”? (lines 11-12)

a) A definite time in the past.
b) A continuous action in the present.
c) An action that will take place in the near future.
d) An action repeated several times in the past towards the present.
e) One past action before the other.