Questions 39 and 40 refer to the following text.
Customs enforcement is concerned with the protection of
society and fighting trans-national organized crime based
on the principles of risk management. In discharging
this mandate, Customs compliance and enforcement
services are involved in a wide range of activities relating
to information and intelligence exchange, combating
commercial fraud, counterfeiting, the smuggling of highly
taxed goods (especially cigarettes and alcohol), drug
trafficking, stolen motor vehicles, money laundering,
electronic crime, smuggling of arms, nuclear materials,
toxic waste and weapons of mass destruction. Enforcement
activities also aim to protect intellectual and cultural
property and endangered plants and animal species.
In order to assist its Members improve the effectiveness of
their enforcement efforts and achieve a balance between
control and facilitation, the World Customs Organisation
has developed a comprehensive technical assistance
and training programmes. In addition, it has established
Regional Intelligence Liaison Offices (RILOs) that are
supported by a global database, the Customs Enforcement
Network (CEN), to facilitate the exchange and use of
information.
The WCO has also developed instruments for international
co-operation in the form of the revised Model Bilateral
Agreement (MBA); the Nairobi Convention, which provides
for mutual administrative assistance in the prevention,
investigation and repression of Customs offences; and
the Johannesburg Convention, which provides for mutual
administrative assistance in Customs matters. The WCO’s
Customs Control and Enforcement programme therefore
aims to promote effective enforcement practices and
encourage co-operation among its Members and with its
various competent partners and stakeholders.
(Source: http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/enforcement-and-compliance/
overview.aspx, retrieved on 12 March 2014.)
The text explains that the mandate of the World Customs Organisation comprises both