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The expression “all over the world" (R.2) is synonymous with worldwide.
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In terms of word formation, the adjective “international" (R.27) is a case of affixation, as a prefix and a suffix have been added to the root of the word nation.
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It can be inferred from the text that some students of English resent it because of the negative feelings that colonialism inspires.
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The expression “In other words" (R.9) means besides.
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The fragment “to play a key role in" (R.21) can be correctly rewritten as to have a leading part in, without changing the meaning of the text.
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The deletion of “do" in “Different theoretical interpretations do, however, shed light" (R. 22 and 23) would not change the meaning of the fragment.
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It can be said that practitioners of shinrin-yoku go to the forest to take baths in lakes and rivers.
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In the sentence “Studies have shown that regular (…) and strengthen the immune system" (R. 9 to 11), the verb “have" could be omitted and the sentence would still be grammatically acceptable.
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The story presented in the article is based on superstition and unscientific beliefs.
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At the time the article was written, the man was still ill.
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It can be inferred from the text that there should be three distinct approaches to the teaching of English, depending on how and why students acquire this language.
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The word “economic", in “economic inequality" (R.24), could be replaced by economical, without changing the meaning of the text.
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In the text, the words “primary" (R.4) and “dominant" (R.23) mean basically the same thing, both referring to the current status of the English language in the world.
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In the passage “The British linguist David Crystal suggests that English fosters cultural opportunity" (R. 16 and 17), the word “that" can be omitted without this making the sentence grammatically incorrect.
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In “As long as a student chooses goals" (R. 7 and 8), “as long as" means after a long time.
